WHAT IS ABNORMAL SPERM MORPHOLOGY?

WHAT IS TERATOSPERMIA OR TERATOZOOSPERMIA?

Teratospermia is defined as an abnormal sperm morphology. It is also called as Teratozoospermia. This disorder causes males to produce abnormally shaped sperm. The sperm produced are defective either at head, mid piece or tail. Teratospermia is considered as one of the causes of male infertility.

Defects in sperm are classified depending on whether they appear in the head, middle section or tail. In normal sperm, the head needs to be perfectly oval, it should have a single, long and completely unravelled tail as well as a clearly distinguishable middle section which is slightly thicker than the tail.

Teratozoospermia is a cause of infertility since most abnormal spermatozoa are unable to penetrate an egg. The reasons are not very well understood but it is known that sperm quality can be affected by various factors such as:

Problems in testicles
Smoking and an excess consumption of alcohol, cocaine and marijuana
Varicocele
Poor diet
Vasectomies
Diabetes mellitus
Fevers
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Inappropriate habits which increase the temperature in testicles (saunas, tight clothing…

Teratozoospermia is the most common infertility problem in men.

TYPES OF TERATOSPERMIA

Sperm morphology determines the type of Teratospermia and its grade of severity like: Normal sperm Morphology > 14%

Mild teratospermia-here the normal sperm morphology value ranges between 10 – 14%
Moderate Teratospermia-here the normal sperm morphology value is between 5-9%
Severe Teratospermia-here the normal sperm morphology value is less than 5%

These types show the percentage of normal or abnormal sperm cells in a semen sample, but in order to know the defects in sperm, Teratospermia index is used. In this way, we can identify the number of defects in each sperm.

The formula used in index is – TZI =(C+P+Q)/X, where

C=head defects
P=midpiece defects
Q=tail defects
X=total no. of abnormal sperm

Interpretation of TZI

TZI =close to 1 means one part defective
TZI =close to 2 means two part defective
TZI =close to 3 means three part defective
TZI indicates which type of defect is the most frequent one.

SYMPTOMS OF TERATOZOOSPERMIA

The presence of abnormally-shaped sperm can negatively affect fertility by preventing transport through the cervix and/or preventing sperm from adhering to the ovum. Achieving a pregnancy may be difficult.

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