PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is primarily caused by bacterial infections, with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) being the most common source. Below are the main causes of PID:

1. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Chlamydia trachomatis: The most common cause of PID. Often asymptomatic, it can silently cause damage to the reproductive organs.
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Another common bacterial cause of PID, often linked to sexual transmission.
• Both chlamydia and gonorrhea infections can spread from the cervix to the upper genital tract, leading to PID if left untreated.

2. Other Bacterial Infections

• Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria: Normally occurring bacteria in the vagina, like Gardnerella vaginalis, can sometimes cause PID when there is an overgrowth or imbalance, especially following certain medical procedures.
• Mycoplasma genitalium: Another bacterium that can lead to PID, though it’s less common than chlamydia or gonorrhea.

3. Complications from Medical Procedures

• Insertion of an Intrauterine Device (IUD): In rare cases, inserting an IUD can introduce bacteria into the uterus, leading to PID, especially if an STI is present.
• Surgical procedures: Procedures such as an abortion, childbirth, or miscarriage can provide opportunities for bacteria to enter the reproductive organs, resulting in PID.

4. Postpartum or Post-abortion Infections

• After childbirth or miscarriage: The cervix is more open and vulnerable to infection following childbirth or miscarriage, allowing bacteria to travel into the reproductive organs.
• Post-abortion infections: Similarly, bacteria can enter the uterus following an abortion, increasing the risk of PID if appropriate precautions aren’t taken.

5. Unprotected Sexual Activity

• Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of acquiring STIs that can cause PID.
• Lack of condom use can allow bacteria to spread more easily.